The course will cover the following topics:•Recovery patterns of bilingual aphasia; factors of differential recovery.
•Attempted explanations of the various types of non-parallel recovery: Lateralization and localization of languages in bilingual speakers; inhibition/disinhibition; activation thresholds.
•Verbal communication = Left-hemisphere-based implicit linguistic competence (relying on procedural memory) + hippocampal-system-based metalinguistic knowledge (relying on declarative memory), + right-hemisphere-based pragmatics, + affect (involving the amygdala and dopaminergic system).
•Different types of bilingual speakers and consequences for cerebral representation: How the extent of reliance on each of the above mechanisms in early versus different types of late bilinguals may affect the recovery patterns.
•Qualitative versus quantitative differences among different types of bilinguals: What is represented versus how it is represented and processed.
•Evidence from neuroimaging studies of bilingual speakers.
•The assessment of bilingual aphasia: the need for different criteria of cross-linguistic equivalence for each task; differential manifestations of aphasia symptoms in various languages.
•Conclusion: An integrated neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism.
READINGS FOR NEUROLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF BILINGUALISM
(the most relevant entries are starred and bolded)
*Albert, M.L. & Obler, L.K. 1978. The Bilingual Brain. New York: Academic Press.Berthier, M., Starkstein, S, Lylyk, P. & Leiguarda, R. 1990. Differential recovery of languages in a bilingual patient following selective amytal injection. Brain and Language, 38: 449-453.*Fabbro, F. 1999. The neurolinguistics of bilingualism: An introduction. Hove: Psychology Press.Gomez-Tortosa, E., Martin, E., Gaviria, M. Charbel, F., & Ausman, J. 1995. Selective deficit of one language in a bilingual patient following surgery in the perisylvian area. Brain and Language, 48: 320-325.Gomez-Tortosa, E., Martin, E., Gaviria, M. Charbel, F., & Ausman, J. 1996. Selective deficit of one language in a bilingual patient: Replies to Paradis and Hines. Brain and Language, 54: 174-175.*Green, D.W. 1986. Control, activation and resource: A framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 27: 210-223.*Green, D.W. 1998. Mentalcontrol of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1: 67-81.Grosjean, F. 1982. Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 240-268.Grosjean, F.1989. Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person.Brain and Language, 36: 3-15Grosjean, F. 1998. Stusying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1: 131-149.Mendelsohn, S. 1988. Language lateralization in bilinguals: Facts and fantasy. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 3: 261-292.Nilipour, R. & Ashayeri, H. 1989. Alternating antagonism between two languages with successive recovery of a third in a trilingual aphasic patient. Brain and Language, 36: 23-48.Ojemann, G.A. & Whitaker, H.A. 1978. The bilingual brain. Archives of Neurology, 35: 409-412.Paradis, M. 1977. "Bilingualism and aphasia". In H.A. Whitaker & H. Whitaker (eds.) Studies in neurolinguistics. vol. 3. New York: Academic Press, 65-121.*Paradis, M. (ed.), 1983. Readings on Aphasia in Bilinguals and Polyglots. Montreal: Didier, 802-813.Paradis, M. 1989. Bilingual and polyglot aphasia. In F. Boller & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 117-140.Paradis, M. 1990. Differential recovery of languages in a bilingual patient following selective amytal injection: A comment on Berthier et al. (1990) Brain and Language, 39: 469-470.*Paradis, M. 1990. Language lateralization in bilinguals: Enough already! Brain and Language, 39: 576-586.Paradis, M. 1992. The Loch Ness Monster approach to bilingual language lateralization: a response to Berquier and Ashton. Brain and Language, 43: 534-537.Paradis, M. 1993. Multilingualism and aphasia. In G. Blanken, J. Dittmann, H. Grimm, J.C. Marshall & C-W. Wallesch (eds.), Linguistic disorders and pathologies, an international handbook (pp.278-288. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.*Paradis, M. 1994. Neurolinguistic aspects of implicit and explicit memory: implications for bilingualism and SLA. In N. Ellis (ed.), Implicit learning of languages (pp. 393-419). London: Academic Press.*Paradis, M. (ed.) 1995 Aspects of bilingual aphasia. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Paradis, M. 1995. Another sighting of differential language laterality in multilinguals, this time in Loch Tok Pisin: Comments on Wuillemin, Richardson, and Lynch (1994). Brain and Language, 49: 173-186.Paradis, M. 1995. When the interpretation does not fit the facts, alter the facts, not the interpretation!: A comment on Pulvermüller and Schumann (1994). Language Learning, 45: 725-727.Paradis, M. 1996. Selective deficit in one language is not a demonstration of different anatomical representation. Comments on Gomez-Tortosa et al. (1995). Brain and Language, 54: 170-173*Paradis, M. 1997. The cognitive neuropsychology of bilingualism. In A. de Groot & J. Kroll (eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 331-354). Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum.Paradis, M. 1998. Aphasia in bilinguals: what is atypical? In A. Basso, Y. Lebrun & P. Coppens (eds.), Aphasia in atypical populations (pp. 35-66). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.Paradis, M. 1999. Acquired aphasia in bilingual speakers. In M. Taylor Sarno (ed.), Acquired Aphasia (3rd Edition, pp. 531-549.Paradis, M., & Libben, G. 1987. The Assessment of bilingual aphasia. Hillsdale, NJ.: Erlbaum.Paradis, M. & Goldblum, M-C. 1989 Selective crossed aphasia in one of a trilingual's languages followed by antagonistic recovery, Brain and Language, 36: 62-75.Paradis, M., Goldblum, M. & Abidi, R. 1982. "Alternate antagonism with paradoxical behavior in two bilingual aphasic patients", Brain and language, 15: 55-69.Pulvermüller, F. & Schumann, J. H. 1994. Neurobiological mechanisms of language acquisition. Language Learning, 44: 681-734.Pulvermüller, F. & Schumann, J.H. 1995. On the interpretation of earlier recovery of the second language after injection of sodium amytal in the left middle cerebral artery or are there relevant facts without interpretation?: A response to Paradis. Language Learning, 45: 729-735.Rapport, R., Tan, C. & Whitaker, H. 1983. Language function and dysfunction among Chinese-and-English-speaking polyglots: A cortical stimulation, Wada testing and clinical studies. Brain and Language, 18: 342-366.Solin, D. 1989. The systematic misrepresentation of bilingual crossed-aphasia data and its consequences. Brain and Language, 36: 92-116.Vaid, J. & Hall, D.G. 1991. Neuropsychological perspectives on bilingualism: Right, left, and center. In A. Reynolds (ed.), Bilingualism, multiculturalism and second language learning (81-112). Hillsdale, NJ.: LEA.BILINGUAL NEUROIMAGING
Ardal, S., Donald, M.W., Meuter, R., Muldrew, S. & Luce, M. 1990. Brain responses to semantic incongruity in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 39: 187-205.
Calabrese, P., Neufeld, H., Falk, A., et al. 2001. Word generation in bilinguals —fMRI study with implications for language and memory processes. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 69: 42-49.
Chee, M., Caplan, D., et al. 1999. Processing of visually presented sentences in Mandarin and English studied with fMRI. Neuron, 23: 127-137.
Chee, M.W., Tan, E.W., & Thiel, T. 1999. Mandarin and English single word processing studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19: 3050-3056.
Chertkow, H. & Murtha,S. 1997. PET activation and language. Clinical Neuroscience, 4: 78-86 [background on neuroimaging in general]
Carr, Y.H. 1998. Mechanisms of control in activating and deploying lexical knowledge. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1: 83-85.
Dehaene, S. 1999. Fitting two languages into one brain. Brain, 122: 2207-2208.
Dehaene, S., Dupoux, E., Mehler, J., Cohen, L., Paulescu, E., Perani, D., van Moortele, P.-F., Lehéricy, S. & Le Bihan, D. 1997. Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language. NeuroReport, 8: 3809-3815.
Hernandez AE, Dapretto M, Mazziotta J, Bookheimer S. 2001. Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 14 (2): 510-520.
Hernandez A.E., Martinez A., Kohnert K. 2000. In search of the language switch: An fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 73: 421-431.
Illes, J., Francis, W., Desmond, J., Gabrieli, J., Glover, G., et al. 1999. Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 70: 347-363.
Kim, K.H., Relkin, N.R., Lee, K.-M. & Hirsch, J. 1997. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature, 388: 171-174.
Klein, D., Milner, B. Zatorre, R., Zhao, V. & Nikelski, J. 1999. Cerebral organization in bilinguals: A PET study of Chinese-English verb generation. NeuroReport, 10: 2841-2846.
Klein, D., Zatorre, R.J., Milner, B., Meyer, E., & Evans, A.C. 1995. The neural substrates of bilingual language processing: evidence from positron emission tomography. In M. Paradis (ed.), Aspects of bilingual aphasia (pp. 23-36). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Laine, M., Niemi, J., Koivuselkä-Salinen, P., Ahlsén, E., & Hyönä, J. 1994. A neurolinguistic analysis of morphological deficits in a Finnish-Swedish bilingual. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 8: 177-200.
Nakada, T., Fujii, Y., & Kwee, I.L. 2001. Brain strategies for reading in the second language are determined by the first language. Neuroscience Research, 40: 351-358.
Perani, D., Dehaene, S., Grassi, F., Cohen, L., Cappa, S., Paulesu, E., Dupoux, E., Fazio, F., & Mehler, J. 1996. Brain processing of native and foreign languages. NeuroReport, 7: 2439-2444.
Perani, D., Paulesu, E., Sebastian Galles, N., Dupoux, E., Dehaene, D., Bettinardi, V., Cappa, S., Fazio, F., & Mehler, J. 1998. The bilingual brain: Proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language. Brain, 121: 1841-1852.
Pihko, E., Ilmoniemi, R.J., Mäkälä, A.M., & Mäkinen, V. 2001. Processing of native versus later-acquired languages. NeuroImage, 13 (6 Part 2): 585.
Price, C., Green, D. & von Studnitz, R. 1999. A functional imaging study of translation and language switching. Brain, 122: 2221-2235.
Pu, Y.L., Liu, H.L., Spinks, JA., Mahankali, S. Xiong, J.H., Feng, C.M., Tan, L.H., Fox, P.T., & Gao, J.H. 2001. Cerebral hemodynamic response in Chinese (first) and English (second) language processing revealed by event-related functional MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 19: 643-647.
Simos, O., Castillo, E., Francis, J. et al. 2001. Mapping receptive language cortex in bilingual volunteers by using magnetic source imaging. Journal of Neurosurgery, 95: 76-81.
Urbanik, A., Binder, M., Sobiecka, B, & Kozub, J. 2001. fMRI study of sentence generation by early bilinguals differing in proficiency level. Rivista di Neuroradiologia, 14: 11-16.
Weber-Fox, C. & Neville, H. 1996. Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: ERP and behvioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 231-256.
Yetkin, O., Yetkin, Z., Haughton, V., & Cox, R.W. 1996. Use of functional MR to map language in multilingual volunteers. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 17: 473-477.
RECENT STUDIES OF THE BILINGUAL BRAIN
2001
Calabrese, P., Neufeld, H., Falk, A., et al. 2001. Word generation in bilinguals —fMRI study with implications for language and memory processes. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 69: 42-49.
Demonet, J.F., & Thierry, G. 2001. Language and brain: What is up? What is coming up? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23: 49-75.
Hoffmann, C. 2001. Towards a description of trilingual competence. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5: 1-17.
Hyltenstam, K., & Abrahamsson, N. 2001. Age and L2 learning: The hazards of matching practical “implications” with theoretical “facts”. TESOL Quarterly, 35: 151-170.
Karapetsas, A., & Andreou, G. 2001. Visual field asymmetries for rhyme and semantic tasks in fluent and nonfluent bilinguals. Brain and Language, 78: 53-61.
Laganaro, M. & Overton Venet, M. 2001. Acquired alexia in multilingual aphasia and computer-assisted treatment in both languages: Issues of generalisation and transfer. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 53: 135-144.
Menn, L. 2001. Comparative aphasiology: Cross-language studies of aphasia. In R.S. Brendt (ed.), Handbook of neuropsychology (2nd edition, vol. 3., pp. 51-68). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Moretti, R., Bava, A. Torre, P., Antonello, R., Zorzon, M., Zivadinov, R., & Gazzoto, G. 2001. Bilingual aphasia and subcortical-cortical lesions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92: 803-814.
Norris, J.M., & Ortega, L. 2001. Does type of instruction make a difference? Substantive findings from a meta-analytic review. Language Learning, 51: 157-213, Supplement 1.
Paradis, J. 2001. Do bilingual two-year-olds have separate phonological systems? International Journal of Bilingualism, 5: 19-38.
Paradis, M. 2001. Bilingual and polyglot aphasia. R.S. Brendt (ed.), Handbook of Neuropsychology (Second Edition. pp. 69-91). Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Paradis, M. (ed) 2001. Manifestations of aphasia symptoms in different languages. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Paradis, M. (2001) The need for awareness of aphasia symptoms in different languages. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 14: 85-94.
de Picciotto, J. & Friedland, B. 2001. Verbal fluency in elderly bilingual speakers: Normative data and preliminary application to Alzheimer’s disease. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 53: 145-152.
Simos, O., Castillo, E., Francis, J. et al. 2001. Mapping receptive language cortex in bilingual volunteers by using magnetic source imaging. Journal of Neurosurgery, 95: 76-81.
Tsapkini, K., Jarema, G., & Kehayia, E. 2001. Manifestations of morphological impairments in Greek aphasia: A case study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 14: 281-296.
Urbanik, A., Binder, M., Sobiecka, B, & Kozub, J. 2001. fMRI study of sentence generation by early bilinguals differing in proficiency level. Rivista di Neuroradiologia, 14: 11-16.2000
Abutalebi, J., Miozzo, A., & Cappa, S.F. 2000. Do subcortical structures control ‘language selection’ in polyglots? Evidence from pathological language mixing. Neurocase, 6: 51-56.
De Bot, K. 2000. A bilingual production model: Levelt's "speaking" model adapted. . In L. Wei (ed.), The Bilingualism Reader (pp.420-442). London: Routledge.
Eck, K., Kehayia, E., Singer, F., & Jarema, G. 2000. Automatic activation of cross-language word associates in the presence of a production deficit in a bilingual aphasic patient. Brain and language, 74: 445-447.
Eviatar, Z., & Ibrahim, R. 2000. Bilingual as bilingual does: Metalinguistic abilities of Arabic-speaking children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21: 451-471.
Fabbro, F., Skrap, M., & Aglioti, S. 2000. Pathological switching between languages after frontal lesions in a bilingual patient. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 68: 650-652.
Green, D.W. 2000. Control, activation, and resource: A framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. In L. Wei (ed.), The Bilingualism Reader (pp.407-419). London: Routledge.
Grosjean, F. 2000. Processing mixed language: issues, findings, and models. In L. Wei (ed.), The Bilingualism Reader (pp.443-469). London: Routledge.
Hammers, J. & Blanc, M. 2000. Bilinguality and Bilingualism (second edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hernandez, A.E., Martinez, A., & Kohnert, K. 2000. In search of the language switch: an fMRI study of picture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and Language, 73: 421-431.
Hyltenstam, K, & Abrahamsson, N. 2000. Who can become native-like in a second language? All. some, or none? On the maturational constraints controversy in second language acquisition. Studia Linguistica, 54: 150-166.
Jarvis, S. 2000. Semantics and conceptual transfer. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3: 19-21.
Jarvis, S. 2000. Methodological rigor in the study of transfer: Identifying L1 influence in the interlanguage lexicon. Language learning, 50: 245-300.
Kecskes, I., & Papp, T. 2000. Foreign language and mother tongue. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Norris, J.M., & Ortega, L. 2000. Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis. Language Learning, 50: 417-528.
Paradis, M. 2000. Generalizable outcomes of bilingual aphasia research. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 52: 54-64.
Paradis, M. 2000. Cerebral representation of bilingual concepts. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3: 22-24.
Paradis, M. 2000. The neurolinguistics of bilingualism in the next decades. Brain and Language, 71: 178-180.
Paradis, M. 2000. Language lateralization in bilinguals: Enough already! In L. Wei (ed.), The Bilingualism Reader (pp.394-401). London: Routledge.
Pavlenko, A. 2000. New Approaches to concepts in bilingual memory. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3: 1-4.
Ratnavalli, E. Geetha Murphy, G., Nagaraja, D., Veerendrakumar, M., Jayaram, M., & Jayakumar, P. 2000. Alexia in Indian bilinguals. Journal of neurolinguistics, 13: 37-46.
Roelofs, A. 2000. Word meaning and concepts: What do findings from aphasia and language specifically say? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3: 25-27.
Workman, L., Brookman, F., Mayer, P., Ree4s, V., & Belin, W. 2000. Language laterality in English/Welsh bilinguals: Language-acquisitional and language-specific factors in the development of lateralisation. Laterality, 5: 289-313.1999
Aglioti, S. 1999. Language and memory systems. Concise Encyclopedia of Language Pathology (pp. 371-377). Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Chee, M., Caplan, D., et al. 1999. Processing of visually presented sentences in Mandarin and English studied with fMRI. Neuron, 23: 127-137.
Dehaene, S. 1999. Fitting two languages into one brain. Brain, 122: 2207-2208.
Eviatar, Z., Leikin, M., & Ibrahim, M. 1999. Phonological processing of second language phonemes. A selective deficit in bilingual aphasia. Language Learning, 49: 121-141.
Fabbro, F. 1999. Aphasia in atypical populations. Brain and Cognition, 40: 414-438.
Fabbro, F. 1999. Aphasia in multilinguals. Concise Encyclopedia of Language Pathology (pp. 335-340). Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Fabbro, F. 1999. The neurolinguistics of bilingualism: An introduction. Hove: Psychology Press.
Francis, W.S. 1999. Cognitive interpretation of language and memory in bilinguals —semantic representations. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 193-222.
Friedland, D., & Miller, N. 1999. Language mixing in bilingual speakers with Alzheimer's dementia: a conversation approach. Aphasiology, 13: 427-444.
Grosjean, F. 1999. Bilingualism, individual. Concise encyclopedia of educational linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon.
Hernandez, A., & Bates, E. 1999. Bilingualism and the brain. In R.A. Wilson & F.C. Kiel (eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (80-81).
Hernandez, A.E., & Kohnert, K.J. 1999. Aging and language switching in bilinguals. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 6: 69-83
Illes, J., Francis, W., Desmond, J., Gabrieli, J., Glover, G., et al. 1999. Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 70: 347-363.
Klein, D., Milner, B. Zatorre, R., Zhao, V. & Nikelski, J. 1999. Cerebral organization in bilinguals: A PET study of Chinese-English verb generation. NeuroReport, 10: 2841-2846.
Leather, J. 1999. Second-language speech research: An introduction. Language Learning, 49: Supplement 1, 1-56.
Meara, P. 1999. Simulating recovery from bilingual aphasia. International Journal of Bilingualism, 3: 45-54.
Mendez, M.F., Perryman, K.M., Pontón, M.O., & Cummings, J.L. 1999. Bilingualism and Dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 11: 411-412.
Meuter, R.F., & Allport A. 1999. Bilingual language switching in naming. Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40: 25-40.
Muñoz, M.L., Marquardt, T.P., & Copeland, G. 1999. A comparison of the codeswitching patterns of aphasic and neurologically normal bilingual speakers of English and Spanish. Brain and Language, 66: 249-274.
Pavlenko, A. 1999. New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2: 209-230.
Price, C., Green, D. & von Studnitz, R. 1999. A functional imaging study of translation and language switching. Brain, 122: 2221-2235.
Roberts, P.M., & Deslauriers, L. 1999. Picture naming of cognate and noncognate nouns in bilingual aphasia. Journal of Communication Disorders, 32: 1-23.
Spivey, M.S. & Marian, V. 1999. Cross talk between native and second languages: Partial activation of an irrelevant lexicon. Psychological Sciences, 10:201-284.
Ward, M.E. & Marshall, J.C. 1999. ‘Speaking in tongues’: Paradoxical fixation on a non-native language following anaesthesia. Anaesthesia, 54: 1201-1203.