Further Reading

Conn P.M. Neuroscience in Medicine, 2nd Edition. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2003; 438-443, 447-450.

Basbaum AI, Fields HL. Endogenous pain control systems: Brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 1984;7:309-338.

Kelly D, ed. Stress-induced analgesia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 467:1-449.

Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965; 150:971-979.

Willis WD, Westlund KN. Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 14:2-31.

Yaksh TL, Noueihed R. The physiology and pharmacology of spinal opiates. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1985; 25:433-462.